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- 2400 White Paper
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- EXPANDING THE 2400 BPS OPTION FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS
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- Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc.
- 705 Westech Drive
- Norcross, Georgia 30092
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- INTRODUCTION
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- From its earliest days, personal computer data communications
- has constantly changed and moved forward with ever increasing
- emphasis on higher speed and improved features. New standards have
- been developed or have evolved and new products have been developed
- implementing these standards. Nothing has remained still.
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- The standards themselves, while constant in the early stages
- of implementation, have even undergone change or have been abandoned
- in favor of more applicable standards for current needs. The dynamic
- nature of data communications compels the developer of technology to
- constantly seek to refine and expand products and techniques.
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- And, now, the options for 2400 bps communications are
- continuing to expand to meet the ever growing requirements of more
- sophisticated, demanding users.
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- ACCEPTANCE OF THE V.22BIS STANDARD
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- The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative
- Committee (CCITT) V.22bis standard employed for 2400 bps, full-duplex
- modem communications over the Public Switched Telephone Network
- (PSTN) was recommended by the international standards in 1984. Since
- that time it has become widely employed by modem manufacturers around
- the world.
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- The precursor to today's CCITT V.22bis standard for 2400 bps
- communications was Bell 201C.
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- Bell 201C suffered from several limitations, the most
- prominent being it was a half-duplex standard in a world that was
- going steadily toward full-duplex transmission for personal computer
- communications. Bell 201C modems implemented Phase Shift Keying
- (DPSK) which is more ideally suited to 1200 bps full-duplex
- communications. These modems also required expensive leased lines
- for operation.
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- In order for communications to move forward, a standard to
- facilitate full-duplex 2400 bps communications over the PSTN was
- needed.
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- V.22BIS AND QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
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- The solutions to the Bell 201C problems arrived with the
- publication of the CCITT V.22bis recommendation.
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- DPSK only provided recognition of phase shifts of the analog
- signal and in order to step up to 2400 bps full-duplex transmission,
- a method for recognizing amplitude shifts in combination with phase
- shifts was necessary. CCITT V.22bis provided recognition of both
- amplitude modulation and phase shifts through Quadrature Amplitude
- Modulation (QAM).
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- QAM was actually an enhancement or addition to DPSK that
- enabled personal computer communications to evolve and migrate to its
- next, feature enhanced level. Now, by implementing CCITT V.22bis
- standards, modem manufacturers could increase the capabilities of
- their products to include full-duplex 2400 bps communications.
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- A bonus to users which helped increase the popularity of
- these new 2400 bps modems was their ability to communicate accurately
- over the PSTN. Costly leased lines were no longer necessary and the
- one-time price of the modems could be easily justified from a
- business standpoint when compared to a repetitive monthly leased line
- charge. And, since the new modems communicated at twice the speed of
- 1200 bps products, connect time was cut in half for considerable
- reduction of long distance charges.
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- The trend toward implementing changes to enhance the
- performance of communications was continuing and, as with its 300 bps
- and 1200 bps products, Hayes helped promote and support standards by
- introducing the Smartmodem 2400 in 1984 and Smartmodem 2400B in 1985.
- Both modems are CCITT V.22, V.22bis and Bell 103/212A compatible.
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- TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES BRING MORE FEATURES
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- Advances in technology have allowed the introduction of new
- features into modems.
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- New 2400 bps products offered adaptive equalization, improved
- self testing, and call progress monitoring to further enhance their
- popularity. As the users became more sophisticated and grew
- accustomed to the features they had, they demanded more.
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- The most requested new features are error-control, data
- compression, and automatic feature negotiation capabilities.
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- HAYES V-SERIES SYSTEM PRODUCTS
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- Hayes has developed a series of four high speed dial-up
- modems and an enhancement product for use with existing Hayes
- external modems that implement the following advanced features:
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- - Error-Control - Implementation of the LAPB link level
- portion of X.25 and Asynchronous Framing Technique (AFT) allows
- point-to-point error-control, supports international standards, and
- provides a migration path to X.25 or other synchronous
- communications.
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- Adaptive Data Compression - Increased throughput typically
- provides twice the data transfer and lowers both transmission costs
- and connect time.
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- Automatic Feature Negotiation - Analyzes all options
- available for modem link and selects combination that maximizes data
- transmission and efficiency.
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- V-series Smartmodem 2400, V-series Smartmodem 2400B, V-series
- Smartmodem 9600, V-series Smartmodem 9600B, and V-series Modem
- Enhancer provide all of these advanced features in addition to
- standard modem features available in current Hayes modems.
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- ERROR-CONTROL
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- In order to have a high speed feature, there must be some
- form of error-control to instruct the modem to re-transmit a block of
- data if the data has errors in it.
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- Rather than use a proprietary error-control method, Hayes
- selected the LAPB link level portion of X.25 for a variety of
- reasons. First, it allows point-to-point error-control. Second, it
- represents support for an existing, widely used international
- standard that is versatile. Finally, it provides a logical migration
- path for future products with full implementation of X.25.
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- The CCITT X.25 protocol uses bit-oriented synchronous
- communications to provide error-control, bidirectional communications
- service to communicating applications. The CCITT has adopted a
- policy for maintaining the dynamic nature of X.25 by enhancements to
- the protocol in 1980 and 1984.
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- The V-series system products can also coordinate link setup
- using synchronous LAPB with the Asynchronous Framing Technique (AFT).
- AFT is an asynchronous augmentation for any bit-synchronous protocol
- such as LAPB, LAPD, or IBM's SDLC. It part of the link level of the
- synchronous protocol and brings error-control operation to
- asynchronous transmission links.
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- The migration of communications that is enhanced by the
- V-series system products and their features is taking communications
- more and more toward the higher speed, synchronous, and eventually,
- Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) environments.
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- ADAPTIVE COMPRESSION
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- Other features evolved as modem manufacturers looked for ways
- to "squeeze" more performance over the PSTN out of modem technology.
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- One such feature was data compression. By using algorithms
- to compress the data, 2400 bps modems can improve their actual data
- throughput and potentially provide data transfer benefits as high as
- 4800 bps transmission. Similarly, a 1200 bps modem using data
- compression may get up to 2400 bps of effective throughput and
- provide its user with a high speed benefit at a lower speed price.
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- Greater throughput is not just a function of a modem's speed.
- The combination of adaptive data compression with any modem increases
- the effective throughput typically two-to-one. This is particularly
- useful when dealing with high volume data transmissions.
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- All V-series system products can adapt dynamically to match
- the type of data being compressed and sent. The modems build and
- constantly update compression tables to typically accomplish a
- two-to-one compression for normal text, data, and spreadsheet files.
- This method also ensures that an expansion of files never occurs if
- other compression algorithms are being used.
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- This Hayes-developed algorithm allows the V-series system
- products to typically achieve throughput at 4800 bps or 19,200 bps
- respectively for 2400 bps and 9600 bps Hayes modems.
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- AUTOMATIC NEGOTIATION
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- The ability to automate communications was one of the driving
- forces behind the success of the Hayes Smartmodem 300 when it was
- introduced in 1981. As features in modems have increased in
- complexity, the need to continue to provide the user with a product
- that is easy to use is still vitally important.
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- By providing automatic negotiation capability, modems conduct
- and coordinate activities among themselves. By negotiating certain
- features among themselves (transmission speed, asynchronous versus
- synchronous, error-control, etc.) modems can improve the quality of
- communications and lower the involvement level required of their
- users to eliminate potential frustrations. And, since 2400 bps
- modems can communicate with each other so rapidly, they can
- independently handle this function more swiftly than it could be
- handled by a user.
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- By providing automatic feature negotiation, the V-series
- system products automate a significant portion of the communications
- session.
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- Intelligent features resident in the V-series system products
- maximize the obtainable transmission speed from the receiving modem.
- This is done automatically during their "handshake" when the V-series
- system products originate a call. If one of the modems is not a
- V-series system modem, the connecting V-series system modem will
- recognize this fact and shift to a compatible mode of operation.
- This type of adaptability is evident in all Hayes modems. For
- example, the Smartmodem 2400 upon originating a call to any 1200 bps
- modem will "recognize" that the remote modem operates at 1200 bps and
- fall back to a compatible speed for data transmission.
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- Once the "handshake" has been completed, the negotiation of
- link parameters such as transmission mode (asynchronous, AutoSync, or
- synchronous), asynchronous transparency mode, compression, and method
- of error-control is conducted. If a non-V-series system modem is
- either the originating or receiving modem, the V-series system modem
- will recognize this and make the necessary adjustments. If the
- receiving modem is a V-series system modem, the connection will be
- completed enabling the maximum available features including highest
- speed, synchronous, adaptive data compression, and error-control.
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- The inclusion of the V-series Modem Enhancer in this segment
- of the Hayes product line is extremely important to the installed
- base of Hayes external modem users. By providing the V-series system
- features to existing Hayes external modems, this enhancement product
- upgrades modems already in use and helps businesses add features to
- current products, extend the useful life of those products, and take
- advantage of emerging technology without purchasing new modems.
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- THE HAYES COMMITMENT
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- Hayes recognizes the necessity of change and will endeavor to
- adapt its products to the needs of users in the future. At
- the same time, the company is committed to supporting the
- large installed base of data communications equipment in use
- It is our intention to promote the advancement of personal
- computer communications through new products and adherence to
- open, international standards. We will continue our progress
- with a commitment to move forward without abandoning
- established, viable communications options that exist and we
- will innovate to provide users requested features where
- standards do not exist.
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